HIV/AIDS affects multiple organ systems, including the brain and nervous system. Most people are unaware that HIV spreads to the brain early in the disease. hiv encephalopathyA widespread brain infection is one of the causes of dementia in HIV-infected patients. The severity of dementia symptoms increases as the infection spreads to the brain.

Dr. Praveen Gupta, Principal Director and Head of Neurology, Fortis Hospital, explains why HIV encephalopathy is called AIDS dementiaThere is one significant HIV complication that usually appears in the later stages of the disease.

According to Dr. Gupta, HIV-related neurocognitive problems are quite common in HIV/AIDS patients. Reports indicate that the global prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) ranges from 7.3 percent to 85 percent.

He explains that HIV encephalopathy results from the spread of the virus in the brain, which affects the volume and structure of the brain. This leads to memory and cognitive impairment, which can progress to dementia. Although the virus can reach the brain soon after infection, HIV encephalopathy usually occurs in advanced stages, making it an AIDS-defining disease.

Dr. Gupta says the virus can develop in the brain, and may be different from HIV present in the blood. This growth and division may make some treatments less effective in the brain than in other parts of the body.

Dr. Gupta says, although HIV encephalopathy cannot be cured, it can be delayed or controlled with antiretroviral therapy. Strict adherence to antiretroviral medication after HIV diagnosis is important to prevent progression to AIDS and reduce the risk of serious neurological complications.

He further noted that although HIV encephalopathy is now less common due to advances in antiretroviral therapy, patients can still experience mild cognitive impairment, known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND).

Dr. Gupta outlines the symptoms of HIV-related dementia, which include memory loss, difficulty concentrating, impaired speech, lack of interest in activities, decline in motor coordination and mood changes such as irritability.

He stressed the importance of early intervention, saying that without treatment, HIV-related dementia can become life-threatening within 3 to 6 months. As the condition progresses, emotional and physical challenges have a significant impact on quality of life, requiring more support with daily activities.

Treatment, especially with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), can help slow disease progression and control symptoms over the long term, says Dr. Gupta. HAART has significantly improved the life expectancy of people with AIDS.

Dr. Gupta concluded by saying that the progression of HIV encephalopathy varies among individuals depending on other AIDS related complications and response to treatment. Consulting with a healthcare provider can provide a clearer understanding of the prognosis and management plan.

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