Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and for men, the risk of developing it depends on a combination of genetics and lifestyle. While our genes set the foundation, lifestyle choices often tip the scale for or against cancer risk. To learn more about how lifestyle and genes shape cancer risk, we spoke to Dr. Amrit Kaur Kaler, consultant molecular pathology at Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital, Mumbai.

role of genetics

Our DNA contains the genetic instructions that make us who we are, including some predispositions to diseases like cancer. Mutations in genes such as BRCA1/BRCA2 or MMR (mismatch repair) genes can substantially increase the risk of cancer in men, including prostate, colorectal and even breast cancer (although rare).

For example, men with BRCA mutations may face a 30 percent higher lifetime risk of developing prostate cancer than the general male population. Similarly, genetic conditions like Lynch syndrome increase the risk of colorectal cancer,” explains Dr Kaur Kaler.

However, genetics alone account for approximately 5–10 percent of all cancers, emphasizing that while family history of cancer is a warning sign, it is not the sole determinant. “Genetic mutations often require a trigger, and this is where lifestyle factors come into play,” says Dr. Kaur Kler.

How does lifestyle affect genes?

Epigenetics investigates how lifestyle and environmental factors can modify gene activity without changing the DNA sequence. “Lifestyle factors can turn certain genes ‘on’ or ‘off’,” explains Dr Kaur Kaler. “For example, genes that suppress abnormal cell growth may be ‘turned off’, increasing cancer risk, or genes that promote cell growth may be activated.”

This interaction between genes and lifestyle shows how choices such as smoking, diet, and exercise can increase or decrease genetic risks.

Lifestyle: Major reasons behind the risk of cancer

Lifestyle choices contribute to the majority of cancer cases, making them an important focus for prevention.

1. Smoking

“Smoking is the leading preventable cause of cancer,” explains Dr. Kaur Kaler. It is linked not only to lung cancer but also to throat, bladder and mouth cancer.

2. Diet and obesity: A diet rich in processed meat, unhealthy fats and sugar, combined with low physical activity, can lead to obesity, which is a significant risk factor for cancers such as prostate, colon and pancreatic cancer.

3. Alcohol consumption “Excessive alcohol consumption increases the risk of liver, esophagus and stomach cancer,” says Dr. Kaur Kaler.

4. Sun exposure

Men who spend long periods of time outside without adequate sun protection have an increased risk of skin cancer, including melanoma.

genetics vs lifestyle

While genetics set the stage for potential cancer development, lifestyle choices often determine the outcome. Men with unhealthy habits such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption or obesity have a higher risk of cancer than those with a genetic predisposition but a healthy lifestyle.

Dr. Kaur Kaler shares: “You can’t choose your genes, but you can choose your habits. The power to prevent many cancers is in your hands.”

Prevention Strategies for Men

1. Regular screening: If you have a family history of cancer, consult your doctor about genetic testing and early screening.
2. Quit smoking: Get help to stop smoking, as it significantly reduces your risk of cancer.
3. Adopt a healthy diet: Include fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean proteins, and reduce your intake of processed food.
4. Stay active: Regular physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight and reduces the risk of cancer.
5. Limit alcohol: Follow guidelines for drinking moderate amounts of alcohol to reduce liver and colon cancer risks.
6. Protect your skin: Use sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher when going outside.

Cancer is complex, but prevention can be simple. While genetic predispositions play a role, making informed lifestyle choices can dramatically reduce cancer risk. “By focusing on modifiable behaviors and being vigilant about screening, men can take control of their health and significantly reduce their cancer risk,” shares Dr. Kaur Kaler.

Remember, when it comes to cancer, every choice matters. Take proactive steps to protect yourself today for a healthier tomorrow.

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