What is black fungus (mucormycosis)? Symptoms to look out for
Mucormycosis or black fungus has become more common during the Covid-19 pandemic, especially among people with underlying health conditions. This serious fungal infection affects the sinuses, lungs and brain. We spoke to a health expert who explains effective treatment measures. Read on to know more.
What is black fungus (mucormycosis)? What are the symptoms to look out for (Image credit: Freepik)
Mucormycosiswhich is usually black fungushas emerged as a significant health threat, especially during COVID-19 pandemicThere has been a worrying rise in cases of this rare but serious fungal infection caused by fungi called mucormycetes, especially in people who already have underlying health conditions or who are undergoing intensive COVID-19 treatment. Research suggests that the incidence of mucormycosis as a complication of COVID-19 has increased, with studies showing a 300 per cent increase in cases in some areas compared to pre-pandemic levels.
We got in touch with Dr Mahipal Singh Sachdev (Padma Shri awardee), Chairman and Managing Director, Centre for Sight, New Delhi, who explained the symptoms, causes, and treatment of mucormycosis.
Symptoms of Mucormycosis
Dr Mahipal Singh explains that the symptoms of mucormycosis depend on the location of the infection in the body. This fungus usually affects the brain, lungs or sinuses, but it can also affect the skin and other organs.
1. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis (sinus and brain):
– Facial swelling: often on one side, rapidly increasing.
– Persistent headache: severe and unresponsive to painkillers.
– Nasal congestion: condition worsens without treatment.
– Black lesions: on the bridge of the nose or upper mouth.
– High fever: A sign that the body is fighting infection.
– Vision problems: blurred vision, double vision, swelling of the eyes.
2. Pulmonary mucormycosis (lungs):
– Fever: persistent and resistant to treatment.
– Cough: sometimes with blood.
– Chest pain: tightness or discomfort.
– Difficulty breathing: shortness of breath.
3. Gastrointestinal mucormycosis:
– Abdominal pain: severe and persistent.
– Nausea and vomiting: sometimes with blood.
– Gastrointestinal bleeding: blood in the stool.
4. Cutaneous Mucormycosis (Skin):
– Blisters or ulcers: darkening due to tissue death.
– Pain and swelling: around the infected area.
5. Disseminated mucormycosis:
– Multiple organ failure: The infection spreads throughout the body.
– Mental changes: coma or alteration of consciousness.
Causes of mucormycosis
Mucormycosis occurs when a person inhales spores of the mucormycetes fungus or when the fungus enters the body through skin injuries. Dr Mahipal Singh explains that the main risk factors include:
1. Uncontrolled diabetes: High blood sugar levels create a favorable environment for fungal growth.
2. COVID-19: Immunosuppressive treatments, including steroids, increase susceptibility.
3. Weakened immune system: Patients undergoing chemotherapy, organ transplant, or suffering from conditions such as HIV/AIDS.
4. Excess iron: Excess iron in the body due to frequent blood transfusions or genetic disorders.
Treatment of mucormycosis
Dr Mahipal Singh said that mucormycosis requires immediate and aggressive treatment, which includes antifungal medications and surgical intervention.
1. Antifungal drugs:
– Amphotericin B: First aid is given intravenously.
– Posaconazole and isavuconazole: alternatives for people intolerant to amphotericin B.
2. Debridement Surgery:
– Removal of infected tissue: Eyes, nose or brain are often removed to prevent the spread of the fungus.
3. Management of underlying conditions:
– Diabetes control: strict management of blood sugar levels.
– Reducing immunosuppression: reducing the dose of immunosuppressive drugs when possible.
4. Supportive care:
– Nutritional Support: Essential for immune function and recovery.
– Regular monitoring: to manage complications and adjust treatment as needed.
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