World Stroke Day is observed every year on 29 October. The day aims to raise awareness about stroke and the importance of prevention, treatment and support for those affected. World Stroke Day is a time to highlight the importance of early detection of stroke symptoms and timely intervention that can help reduce the long-term effects of stroke.

There are different types of strokes, however, the two major types are ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Other types of stroke include transient ischemic attack, cryptogenic stroke, and brainstem stroke. Dr. Sadiq Pathan, Neurologist, Sahyadri Super Specialty Hospital, Hadapsar, Pune, spoke to Times Now. transient ischemic attackIts symptoms, causes, prevention and much more.

What is a transient ischemic attack?

Transient ischemic attacks or TIAs are also known as “mini-strokes” due to the temporary nature of their symptoms which are similar to those of a stroke. TIAs do not result in permanent brain damage, however, they should be taken as a serious warning for a possible full-blown stroke in the future. “It is important to understand the nature of TIAs, their symptoms, causes, immediate treatment and preventive strategies to help individuals recognize and respond effectively to these serious health alerts,” said Dr. Pathan.

Differentiating between TIA and stroke

A transient ischemic attack occurs when blood flow to a specific part of the brain is blocked or reduced for a period of time. It causes symptoms similar to a stroke, but unlike a full stroke, a TIA does not cause permanent brain damage. This is because blood flow is restored quickly enough to prevent permanent damage to brain cells. TIA usually lasts only a few minutes or hours and almost always resolves within 24 hours.

Despite its temporary nature, TIA is an important warning sign that should not be ignored. This is a sign of underlying problems in the blood vessels which means there may be a blockage or narrowing in the vessels supplying blood to the brain.

TIA symptoms

The symptoms of TIA are almost similar to those of stroke, which can make it difficult to differentiate between the two. Understanding and recognizing the signs and seeking immediate medical attention can make a big difference in preventing serious complications.

Common TIA symptoms include sudden weakness or numbness, often affecting one side of the body, including the face, arm, or leg. A person may have difficulty finding words or understanding speech. Other symptoms include sudden changes in vision, such as blurred vision and even temporary blindness in one eye. Dizziness, loss of balance and severe headache without any known cause are also signs.

“These symptoms often resolve quickly, leading many people to ignore them, but even a brief experience of these signs should prompt immediate medical attention to reduce the risk of stroke,” says Dr. Pathan.

Causes of TIA

Common causes of TIA include blood clots that can form in the heart or blood vessels and travel to the brain, disrupting blood flow. Atherosclerosis, where fatty deposits (plaque) build up in the arteries, can narrow these vessels, reducing blood supply. Heart conditions such as atrial fibrillation or valve disease can also increase the chance of blood clots reaching the brain.

Risk Factors for TIA

Risk factors for TIA are the same as for major stroke. High blood pressure is one of the most important factors, as it increases the likelihood of blood vessel damage. Diabetes, high cholesterol, smoking and aging, especially after age 55, are additional risk factors. Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle also contribute to increased risk of high blood pressure and related conditions like diabetes.

Treatment for TIA: Managing the Risks and Preventing Future Strokes

Dr. Pathan says that after a TIA, treatment focuses on reducing the risk of subsequent stroke by addressing both lifestyle factors and any underlying health conditions.

Medical treatment includes antiplatelet medications, which prevent blood platelets from sticking together and forming clots. For people with cardiovascular problems, anticoagulants or new blood-thinning medications help reduce the risk of clots.

If high cholesterol is a factor, statins may be prescribed to lower cholesterol levels and reduce plaque buildup in the arteries. Blood pressure control is also important, and medications are often prescribed to help manage it effectively. In cases where the arteries become significantly narrowed, procedures such as carotid endarterectomy or stenting may be recommended to remove blockages.

lifestyle modifications

Lifestyle changes are equally important and often work alongside medication to improve health outcomes. Dietary changes, such as adopting a diet lower in saturated fat and trans-fat and avoiding excess sodium, can significantly benefit vascular health. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins is particularly effective.

Regular physical activity with moderate exercise such as walking or swimming is also beneficial, it can help control weight, reduce blood pressure and improve heart health.

Quitting smoking is important because it reduces the risk of artery damage and clot formation. Additionally, it is advisable to limit alcohol intake, if any, to moderate levels, as excessive alcohol can contribute to vascular problems.

“The period after a TIA is important, as the risk of stroke is higher, but regular doctor visits as well as regular blood pressure and blood sugar checks can help reduce this risk,” said Dr Pathan. “

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